Small Scale Archerfish (Toxotes microlepis)

The Small Scale Archerfish, scientifically known as Toxotes microlepis, is a fascinating and unique freshwater fish renowned for its remarkable ability to “shoot down” insects from overhanging vegetation with a stream of water. This captivating behavior makes them a highly sought-after species for experienced aquarists.

Origin and Habitat

Native to the brackish and freshwater environments of Southeast Asia, particularly in countries like Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Vietnam, the Small Scale Archerfish inhabits mangrove estuaries, coastal swamps, and slow-moving rivers. These habitats are typically characterized by dense vegetation along the banks, providing the perfect hunting ground for their specialized feeding technique.

Appearance and Characteristics

Growing up to 6 inches (15 cm) in length, the Small Scale Archerfish has a distinctive, laterally compressed body with a pointed snout and large, upward-facing eyes, perfectly adapted for spotting prey above the water surface. Their colouration typically ranges from silvery-white to yellowish-brown, adorned with several prominent dark vertical bands or spots along their flanks. The “small scale” in their name refers to their relatively tiny scales compared to other archerfish species.

Their most notable feature is their mouth, which is specially adapted with a groove in the roof of the mouth and a flap on the tongue. When they shoot water, they press their tongue against this groove, forming a tube through which they expel a powerful jet of water.

Behavior and Temperament

Small Scale Archerfish are active, intelligent, and somewhat shy fish. While they are generally peaceful towards other fish too large to be considered prey, they can be territorial among themselves, especially if kept in insufficient numbers or tank size. They are best kept in a small group of 3-5 individuals to spread out aggression and encourage their natural behaviors.

Their primary behavior of interest is their hunting technique. They will often hover near the water surface, observing potential prey. When an insect is spotted, they will accurately shoot a stream of water, knocking the prey into the water where they quickly consume it. This behavior can be observed in a home aquarium if live insects are offered.

Aquarium Requirements

Due to their unique feeding habits and size, Small Scale Archerfish require specific aquarium conditions:

• Tank Size: A minimum of 220 liters is recommended for a small group, with larger tanks being preferable to accommodate their active swimming and territorial tendencies. The tank should have a tight-fitting lid to prevent escapes, as they are jumpers.
• Water Parameters:
  • Temperature: 24-27c
  • pH: 6.8-7.4 (neutral to slightly alkaline)
  • Hardness: 10-20 dGH (moderately hard to hard)
  • Salinity: While they can adapt to pure freshwater, a slightly brackish environment (specific gravity of 1.005-1.010) is often preferred and can contribute to better health and colouration, mimicking their natural estuarine habitats.
• Filtration: Excellent filtration is crucial to maintain pristine water quality, as they are sensitive to nitrates. A strong filter with good mechanical and biological filtration is necessary.
• Substrate: A fine sand or gravel substrate is suitable.
• Lighting: Moderate lighting is appropriate.
• Decor: The most important decor element is overhanging vegetation (real or artificial) or floating plants that extend above the water line. This provides targets for their shooting behavior. Open swimming areas are also essential. Rocks and driftwood can also be included, but ensure they don’t obstruct their hunting space.

Diet

Small Scale Archerfish are primarily insectivores in the wild, but they can be trained to accept a varied diet in captivity.

• Primary Diet: Live insects (crickets, flies, mealworms, grasshoppers) are ideal and will encourage their natural shooting behavior.
• Supplements: They will also accept high-quality floating pellets or flakes designed for carnivorous fish.
• Frozen Foods: Frozen bloodworms, brine shrimp, and mysis shrimp can be offered as treats.
• Feeding Technique: Placing food on the tank lid or just above the water surface can encourage their shooting.

Breeding

Breeding Small Scale Archerfish in a home aquarium is extremely challenging and rarely achieved. In the wild, they are egg-layers, and their breeding habits are not fully understood. It is believed they migrate to brackish or marine waters to spawn.

Common Health Issues

Archerfish are generally hardy if kept in appropriate conditions. Poor water quality is the most common cause of health issues, leading to stress and susceptibility to diseases like Ich (white spot disease) or bacterial infections. Maintaining stable water parameters, a varied diet, and a clean environment are crucial for their health.

Conclusion

The Small Scale Archerfish is a truly unique and captivating species for the dedicated aquarist. Their remarkable hunting ability and intelligent behavior make them an extraordinary addition to a specialized aquarium. While they require specific care and a larger tank, the reward of observing their natural behaviors is well worth the effort.

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